Present perfect và past simple từ lớp 10–11; time markers, claim–evidence–limit và lựa chọn lộ trình hư cấu. Không dùng hồ sơ tuyển sinh hoặc vị trí tuyển dụng thật.
ƯỚC MƠ LỚNENGLISH EVERY DAY
Trang chủEvidence before adjectives
Đưa bằng chứng trước tính từ
Hồ sơ hư cấu ghi ‘hard-working’ ba lần. Người phỏng vấn hỏi bằng chứng; chiếc bút chì xin nghỉ vì nó đã làm hết phần việc của tính từ.
“I have written 'hard-working' three times; unfortunately, the adjective has not done any work.”Tớ đã viết ‘chăm chỉ’ ba lần; tiếc là bản thân tính từ vẫn chưa làm việc gì cả.
Present perfect nối trải nghiệm/kết quả với hiện tại; bằng chứng cụ thể mới làm tính từ đáng tin.Học sáu cụm để dùng ngay
Đọc nghĩa, nghe câu mẫu, che thẻ rồi gọi lại. Không chép một từ rời 10 lần.
explore a career field
/ɪkˈsplɔːr ə kəˈrɪə fiːld/tìm hiểu một lĩnh vực nghề nghiệpI have explored a fictional design field through two school tasks.
identify transferable skills
/aɪˈdentɪfaɪ trænsˈfɜːrəbl skɪlz/xác định kĩ năng có thể chuyển đổiThe learner identifies transferable skills from a group project.
support a claim with evidence
/səˈpɔːt ə kleɪm wɪð ˈevɪdəns/dùng bằng chứng hỗ trợ nhận địnhSupport each capability claim with one checkable example.
complete a relevant task
/kəmˈpliːt ə ˈreləvənt tɑːsk/hoàn thành một nhiệm vụ liên quanShe completed a relevant task last term.
reflect on a result
/rɪˈflekt ɒn ə rɪˈzʌlt/suy ngẫm về một kết quảHe has reflected on what the result can and cannot show.
keep an alternative pathway
/kiːp ən ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv ˈpɑːθweɪ/giữ một lộ trình thay thếThe plan keeps an alternative pathway and a review date.
Present perfect mở rộng: kinh nghiệm, kết quả và khung thời gian
Dùng present perfect khi không nêu mốc quá khứ đã khép và trải nghiệm/kết quả còn liên quan hiện tại. Dùng past simple với mốc đã kết thúc như last term hoặc in May. For nêu khoảng thời gian; since nêu điểm bắt đầu.
Khung câu
- have/has + past participle
- unfinished/relevant frame: so far, since, for, recently
- finished time: past simple + yesterday/last term/in 2025
- experience claim + specific past evidence
Câu dùng thật
I have completed three fictional teamwork tasks so far.
I completed the latest task last term.
She has developed the skill since September.
We have not chosen a permanent route yet.
Bẫy cần gỡ
Không dùng present perfect với mốc đã khép: không viết I have completed it last Friday. Present perfect không tự chứng minh năng lực; phải thêm ví dụ cụ thể và giới hạn của minh chứng.
Nguyên âm đôi /eɪ/ và /aɪ/ trong career talk
Ưu tiên người nghe hiểu rõ. Có hai mẫu Anh–Mỹ/Anh–Anh; giọng cụ thể phụ thuộc thiết bị, còn IPA và hướng dẫn khẩu hình là chuẩn đối chiếu.
/eɪ/ trượt từ vị trí gần /e/ lên /ɪ/: aim, train. /aɪ/ mở ở /a/ rồi khép về /ɪ/: skill? Không—skill có /ɪ/; /aɪ/ nằm trong find, apply. Đừng biến nguyên âm đôi thành hai tiếng rời.
- train /treɪn/ — try /traɪ/
- aim /eɪm/ — I'm /aɪm/
- day /deɪ/ — die /daɪ/
I aim to find evidence before I describe my skills.1. Nghe không nói. 2. Nói đè theo cụm. 3. Tự ghi âm và so độ rõ.
A career fair without fortune-telling
Ghi GOAL–CURRENT EVIDENCE–PAST EXAMPLE–LIMIT–NEXT STEP. Khoanh time marker trước khi chọn thì.
- Chỉ bắt ý chính.
- Nghe thông tin cần cho nhiệm vụ.
- Mở transcript để kiểm, rồi shadow một câu.
Chỉ mở transcript sau ít nhất hai lượt nghe
At a fictional school career fair, Linh meets a guidance volunteer called Ms Hoa. Linh says that she has become interested in event coordination because she enjoys organising group tasks. Ms Hoa does not ask Linh to choose a lifelong career immediately. Instead, she asks for current evidence. Linh has completed two small school events so far. Last October, she created a task board for a book exchange, contacted four student teams and checked the room schedule. The event started on time, but one sign was unclear, so visitors asked the same question repeatedly. Since then, Linh has practised writing shorter instructions. She recently tested a new sign with five fictional user roles, and all five found the correct desk. Ms Hoa helps Linh separate what the evidence supports from what it cannot prove. The tasks suggest that Linh can plan, communicate and revise a process under familiar school conditions. They do not prove that every workplace would suit her or guarantee future employment. Linh has not explored budgeting or supplier work yet. Her next step is therefore a short fictional project that includes one cost table and a backup plan. She will also compare event coordination with another pathway. At the end, Linh writes a profile with one present-perfect claim, one dated past example, one limitation and one review date. The fair gives her a method, not a prediction.
- 1What evidence does Linh give from last October?
- 2What has Linh not explored yet?
Hội thoại có mục đích
Mục tiêu: Biến tính từ năng lực thành claim–dated evidence–limit–next step.
Vai: A: người phỏng vấn giả lập • B: học sinh
AWhat skill have you developed so far?
BI have developed planning skills through two school tasks.
ACan you give me a dated example?
BLast October, I created and checked a task board for a book exchange.
AWhat does that example not prove?
BIt does not prove fit for every workplace, so I will test another task next.
A career choice is a revisable hypothesis
Tìm INTEREST–EVIDENCE–TRANSFER–LIMIT–GAP–NEXT TEST. Gạch present perfect claim và past-simple example bằng hai màu.
Students are often asked what they will become, as if one answer could settle every future decision. A more useful career choice is a revisable hypothesis: ‘This pathway may fit my current interests and evidence, so I will test it further.’ The method begins with tasks, not job labels. A student who has enjoyed organising a class event may identify planning, communication and revision as transferable skills. A dated example then makes each claim checkable. ‘Last October, I created a task board and revised unclear signs’ says more than ‘I am organised.’ Present perfect and past simple work together. Present perfect summarises experience or a result that matters now: ‘I have completed two coordination tasks so far.’ Past simple opens the evidence box at a finished time: ‘I checked the schedule last Friday.’ Neither tense guarantees future performance. The example arose under particular conditions, with certain support and a limited level of responsibility. A responsible profile names those limits. It may also reveal a gap, such as budgeting, technical knowledge or speaking to an unfamiliar audience. The next step should test one gap safely through a fictional brief, school activity or observation approved by responsible adults. Students should not copy current admission rules, salary claims or employer promises from an old classroom file. Real choices require current information from the responsible institution or organisation. Comparison also matters. Keeping an alternative pathway reduces the pressure to present one interest as a permanent identity. After a small test, the student can review motivation, evidence, workload and support needs. The goal is not to predict a perfect future. It is to make the next decision transparent enough to explain, test and revise responsibly.
1Why does the text call a career choice a revisable hypothesis?
2What should a responsible profile name?
Viết evidence-based learner profile 180–200 từ cho một hồ sơ hư cấu.
Viết cho người đọc thật: dựng ý, viết nháp, kiểm nghĩa rồi mới sửa hình thức.
Plan
- Current pathway interest
- Two present-perfect capability claims
- One dated past example
- Result and revision
- Evidence limit
- Gap, alternative and review date
Model • 194 words
I have become interested in fictional event coordination because I enjoy turning a shared goal into clear tasks. So far, I have completed two small school projects that required planning and communication. Last October, I organised a book-exchange task board, contacted four student teams and checked the room schedule. The exchange started on time, but several visitors misunderstood one sign. I reviewed their questions and have since practised writing shorter instructions. Recently, I tested a revised sign with five fictional user roles, and each role found the correct desk. These examples suggest that I can plan, communicate and improve a familiar process. However, they do not prove that I am ready for every workplace or responsibility. I have not yet explored budgeting, supplier communication or large-event safety. My next step is a fictional project with a simple cost table, one backup plan and feedback from a teacher. I will also compare this pathway with community communication so that one early interest does not become a permanent label. After the project, I will review my evidence, workload and support needs. This profile describes my current learning; it does not guarantee admission, employment or future success.
Self-edit
- 180–200 từ
- Present perfect claim + past dated evidence
- Có result–revision–limit
- Không có bảo đảm tuyển sinh/tuyển dụng
Luyện tập 85%–15%
17 câu bài hiện tại + 3 câu nền đã học. Không có câu dùng kiến thức của bài sau.
Cụm “explore a career field” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “identify transferable skills” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “support a claim with evidence” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “complete a relevant task” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “reflect on a result” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “keep an alternative pathway” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
I ___ three fictional teamwork tasks so far.
I ___ the latest task last Friday.
She has practised interview questions ___ September.
Which statement pairs a current claim with specific past evidence?
Which word contains /eɪ/?
Which word contains /aɪ/?
How should a diphthong be produced?
What evidence does Linh give from last October?
What has Linh not explored yet?
Why does the text call a career choice a revisable hypothesis?
What should a responsible profile name?
Having ___ the first task, Linh revised her instructions.
The evidence was useful; ___, it had a limited school context.
Which phrase is a clear compound noun?
Gợi mở, không nói hộ
Hỏi con ‘con đã làm việc gì cụ thể?’ trước khi hỏi ‘con giỏi gì?’. Không ép chốt nghề suốt đời và không coi bài giả lập là thông tin tuyển sinh hiện hành.
Dạy để giao tiếp có căn cứ
Chấm time frame và evidence boundary trước độ bóng bẩy. Mọi course/job file phải hư cấu; quyết định thật cần kiểm nguồn hiện hành từ đơn vị chịu trách nhiệm.
CHƯƠNG 1Graduation and work