Bài 1; modal verbs lớp 10, ngôn ngữ đề nghị lịch sự và first conditional. Không dùng tình huống gây nguy hiểm thật để luyện.
ƯỚC MƠ LỚNENGLISH EVERY DAY
Trang chủRules with reasons
Quy tắc đi cùng lý do
Bảng nội quy ghi ‘MUST’ to như biển quảng cáo; cả nhà vẫn chưa biết đó là lựa chọn của người nói, quy định bên ngoài hay một việc hoàn toàn không bắt buộc.
“I must stop buying notebooks, but I have to buy one more to write that rule down.”Tớ phải tự nhắc mình ngừng mua sổ, nhưng lại phải mua thêm một cuốn để ghi quy tắc đó.
Must thường nêu lực từ người nói; have to thường nêu yêu cầu do hoàn cảnh/quy định. Nghĩa thực tế vẫn phải đọc từ ngữ cảnh.Học sáu cụm để dùng ngay
Đọc nghĩa, nghe câu mẫu, che thẻ rồi gọi lại. Không chép một từ rời 10 lần.
state a personal commitment
/steɪt ə ˈpɜːsənl kəˈmɪtmənt/nêu cam kết cá nhânI must state one personal commitment.
follow an external requirement
/ˈfɒləʊ ən ɪkˈstɜːnl rɪˈkwaɪəmənt/tuân theo yêu cầu bên ngoàiWe have to follow the building rule.
explain the reason behind a rule
/ɪkˈspleɪn ðə ˈriːzn bɪˈhaɪnd ə ruːl/giải thích lý do của quy tắcExplain the reason behind each rule.
negotiate a fair exception
/nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪt ə feər ɪkˈsepʃn/thương lượng ngoại lệ công bằngThey negotiated a fair exception for exam week.
distinguish prohibition from choice
/dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ ˌprəʊhɪˈbɪʃn frəm tʃɔɪs/phân biệt cấm đoán với lựa chọnDistinguish prohibition from lack of necessity.
review a shared agreement
/rɪˈvjuː ə ʃeəd əˈɡriːmənt/xem lại thỏa thuận chungThe family will review the shared agreement.
Must, have to, mustn’t, don’t have to: nguồn và lực nghĩa
Must thường thể hiện yêu cầu/cam kết do người nói đặt ra; have to thường nhấn yêu cầu do quy định hoặc hoàn cảnh. Mustn’t là không được phép; don’t have to là không cần thiết nhưng vẫn có thể làm.
Khung câu
- speaker’s strong view: must + base verb
- external requirement: have/has to + base verb
- prohibition: mustn’t + base verb
- no necessity: don’t/doesn’t have to + base verb
Câu dùng thật
I must listen before I respond.
We have to leave by nine because the building closes.
You mustn’t share the door code.
You don’t have to finish the optional task tonight.
Bẫy cần gỡ
Không dùng must to. Mustn’t không có nghĩa ‘không cần’. Must và have to đôi khi gần nghĩa; hãy tìm nguồn nghĩa vụ trong tình huống, không học mẹo tuyệt đối.
Dạng yếu /tə/ trong have to và nối phụ âm–nguyên âm
Ưu tiên người nghe hiểu rõ. Có hai mẫu Anh–Mỹ/Anh–Anh; giọng cụ thể phụ thuộc thiết bị, còn IPA và hướng dẫn khẩu hình là chuẩn đối chiếu.
Trong lời nói liền, to thường yếu thành /tə/: have to /ˈhæv tə/. Nối phụ âm cuối sang nguyên âm đầu: must ask /mʌst‿ɑːsk/. Vẫn giữ /t/ đủ để người nghe phân biệt must và mustn’t theo ngữ cảnh.
- have to leave /ˈhæv tə liːv/
- must‿ask /mʌst‿ɑːsk/
- mustn’t share /ˈmʌsnt ʃeə/ — don’t have to share /dəʊnt ˈhæv tə ʃeə/
We have to leave by nine, but we don’t have to end the conversation now.1. Nghe không nói. 2. Nói đè theo cụm. 3. Tự ghi âm và so độ rõ.
One house, four kinds of rule
Ghi RULE–SOURCE–REASON–FORBIDDEN/OPTIONAL–REVIEW DATE. Nghe phủ định trọn cụm, không đoán từ một từ riêng.
- Chỉ bắt ý chính.
- Nghe thông tin cần cho nhiệm vụ.
- Mở transcript để kiểm, rồi shadow một câu.
Chỉ mở transcript sau ít nhất hai lượt nghe
A fictional family is reviewing an evening agreement because two teenagers now travel home at different times. Their mother begins with a personal commitment: she says, ‘I must ask questions before I assume that someone is careless.’ The building creates a different obligation. Everyone has to enter through the main door after nine because the side entrance is locked. One safety rule is a prohibition: family members mustn’t share the door code outside the household. Another point is only optional. The teenagers don’t have to send a message every hour; they only have to report a meaningful delay from the agreed plan. Minh asks for an exception during exam week because the library closes later. Instead of arguing about who is more responsible, the family identifies the source and reason for each rule. They agree that Minh has to message before the original arrival time if he plans to stay. His sister chooses a personal commitment too: she must remember to charge her phone before leaving school. The agreement includes a support step. If a phone stops working, the teenager will use the school office or another agreed safe contact method. The family will review the plan after two weeks. They have not called the agreement perfect; they have made each rule, reason and exception visible.
- 1Why does everyone have to use the main door after nine?
- 2What do the teenagers not have to do?
Hội thoại có mục đích
Mục tiêu: Thương lượng quy tắc bằng source–reason–exception.
Vai: A: người lớn • B: thiếu niên
AWe have to use the main door after nine because the side entrance is locked.
BThat makes sense. Do I have to message every hour?
ANo, you don’t have to. You must report a meaningful delay.
BCould we agree on an exception for exam week?
AYes. You have to message before the original arrival time.
BI must remember to charge my phone, too.
A rule becomes discussable when its source is visible
Gạch SOURCE–FORCE–REASON–EXCEPTION–SUPPORT–REVIEW. Đặc biệt khoanh mustn’t và don’t have to.
Families often disagree about rules when they hear only the command and not its source. Grammar can make the hidden structure easier to discuss. A speaker may use must for a strong personal judgement or commitment: ‘I must listen before I reply.’ Have to often points to an external requirement, such as a closing time, transport schedule or agreed school procedure. The distinction is useful, although real speakers sometimes use the two forms with similar meanings. Context remains more reliable than a rigid slogan. Negative forms require greater care. Mustn’t means that an action is prohibited. Don’t have to means that an action is not necessary; the person may still choose to do it. Confusing those meanings can turn an option into a ban or a ban into an option. A fair agreement therefore records more than modal verbs. It names the rule, its source, its reason, any reasonable exception and a support step if the plan fails. It should also include a review date. A rule that was practical during one school term may need adjustment when transport, study schedules or responsibilities change. Review does not make a boundary meaningless. It checks whether the boundary still serves its stated purpose. Good negotiation also protects privacy and safety. Teenagers should not publish household codes, live locations or personal schedules for a language task. A fictional scenario allows the class to practise precise meaning without collecting sensitive family information. The goal is not to prove that one generation is correct. It is to create shared wording that each person can understand, follow and question respectfully.
1Why is context more reliable than a rigid slogan?
2What should a fair agreement include?
Viết household agreement hư cấu 150–180 từ.
Viết cho người đọc thật: dựng ý, viết nháp, kiểm nghĩa rồi mới sửa hình thức.
Plan
- Shared situation
- External requirement
- Personal commitment
- Prohibition vs optional action
- Fair exception
- Support + review date
Model • 158 words
Our fictional household has created an evening agreement for two teenagers with different schedules. Everyone has to use the main entrance after nine because the side door is locked. Family members mustn’t share the door code outside the household. The teenagers do not have to send a message every hour, but they have to report a meaningful delay before the agreed arrival time. I have added a personal commitment: I must listen to the explanation before I assume that someone has been careless. During exam week, a student may stay at the library later if the change is reported in advance. If a phone stops working, the teenager will use the school office or another agreed safe contact method. No real address, code or live location is included in this task. The family will review the agreement after two weeks and check whether every rule still has a clear reason, a workable support step and a fair exception.
Self-edit
- 150–180 từ
- Must/have to có source rõ
- Mustn’t ≠ don’t have to
- Không đưa dữ liệu gia đình thật
Luyện tập 85%–15%
17 câu bài hiện tại + 3 câu nền đã học. Không có câu dùng kiến thức của bài sau.
Cụm “state a personal commitment” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “follow an external requirement” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “explain the reason behind a rule” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “negotiate a fair exception” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “distinguish prohibition from choice” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “review a shared agreement” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
The building closes at nine, so we ___ leave before then.
I ___ stop interrupting and listen first.
You ___ share the door code with strangers.
The extra reflection is optional; you ___ complete it tonight.
What is a common weak form of to in have to?
Which boundary can link naturally?
Why must the contrast remain clear?
Why does everyone have to use the main door after nine?
What do the teenagers not have to do?
Why is context more reliable than a rigid slogan?
What should a fair agreement include?
We ___ the agreement last night.
The family ___ two reasons so far.
Choose the respectful opening.
Gợi mở, không nói hộ
Chỉ dùng tình huống hư cấu hoặc đã ẩn thông tin. Hỏi con ‘nghĩa vụ đến từ đâu?’ và ‘không bắt buộc có giống bị cấm không?’; không yêu cầu chia sẻ mã cửa, lịch thật hoặc vị trí.
Dạy để giao tiếp có căn cứ
Dạy distinction theo context, tránh quy tắc hóa must = internal và have to = external thành tuyệt đối. Kiểm riêng mustn’t vs don’t have to; không mở modal perfect.
CHƯƠNG 1Growing independent