Passive/modal passive lớp 10, active voice, past participle và toàn bộ Chương 1–3 lớp 12. Causative là kiến thức mới của bài; không suy từ một tuần giả lập thành tác động môi trường thật.
ƯỚC MƠ LỚNENGLISH EVERY DAY
Trang chủName the doer, name the check
Nêu người làm, nêu bước kiểm
Chiếc quạt bị gọi là ‘lười’ vì quay trong phòng trống. Nó phản đối: ‘Tôi chỉ làm theo công tắc; hãy phỏng vấn lịch hẹn giờ!’
“We had the empty room cooled all weekend; even the chairs asked for winter coats.”Chúng tớ để căn phòng trống được làm mát cả cuối tuần; đến ghế cũng xin áo khoác mùa đông.
Have/get something done tập trung dịch vụ/kết quả; phải nêu người chịu trách nhiệm khi quyết định quan trọng.Học sáu cụm để dùng ngay
Đọc nghĩa, nghe câu mẫu, che thẻ rồi gọi lại. Không chép một từ rời 10 lần.
conduct an energy audit
/kənˈdʌkt ən ˈenədʒi ˈɔːdɪt/thực hiện kiểm tra năng lượngThe class conducts an energy audit with fictional readings.
have a meter checked
/hæv ə ˈmiːtə tʃekt/nhờ đồng hồ đo được kiểm traThe team has a meter checked before comparing readings.
get the team to record data
/ɡet ðə tiːm tə rɪˈkɔːd ˈdeɪtə/yêu cầu/thuyết phục nhóm ghi dữ liệuThe coordinator gets the team to record data at fixed times.
track a baseline
/træk ə ˈbeɪslaɪn/theo dõi số liệu nềnTrack a baseline before changing the timer.
reduce avoidable waste
/rɪˈdjuːs əˈvɔɪdəbl weɪst/giảm lãng phí có thể tránhThe proposal targets avoidable waste, not every use.
name the responsible person
/neɪm ðə rɪˈspɒnsəbl ˈpɜːsn/nêu người chịu trách nhiệmName the responsible person for each decision.
Causative active and passive: ai khiến việc gì được thực hiện?
Have + person + base verb và get + person + to-infinitive nêu người được giao/nhờ làm. Have/get + object + past participle tập trung việc được thực hiện. Cấu trúc không tự cho biết tự nguyện, chất lượng hay trách nhiệm; ngữ cảnh phải làm rõ.
Khung câu
- have + person + base verb
- get + person + to + base verb
- have + object + past participle
- get + object + past participle
Câu dùng thật
The teacher had the team record a baseline.
The coordinator got the team to repeat the reading.
We had the meter checked before the trial.
The class got the timer repaired by an authorised adult.
Bẫy cần gỡ
Không viết had the team to record hoặc had the meter check. Không dùng causative passive để giấu người ra quyết định khi trách nhiệm quan trọng; ghi by-agent hoặc câu chủ động kế tiếp nếu cần.
Vowel-to-vowel linking: nối nhẹ, không chèn thành từ mới
Ưu tiên người nghe hiểu rõ. Có hai mẫu Anh–Mỹ/Anh–Anh; giọng cụ thể phụ thuộc thiết bị, còn IPA và hướng dẫn khẩu hình là chuẩn đối chiếu.
Giữa hai nguyên âm, người nói thường chuyển nhẹ bằng /j/ sau âm trước gần /iː, eɪ, aɪ/ và /w/ sau /uː, əʊ/. Đây là chuyển động tự nhiên, không viết thêm y/w và không nuốt từ.
- we‿/j/‿audit
- the‿/j/‿energy use
- go‿/w/‿over the readings
- do‿/w/‿an audit
We audit the energy use, go over the readings and have the meter checked.1. Nghe không nói. 2. Nói đè theo cụm. 3. Tự ghi âm và so độ rõ.
A useful audit starts before the solution
Ghi BASELINE–WHO RECORDED–WHO CHECKED–CHANGE–SAME CONDITIONS?–RESULT–LIMIT. Phân biệt measured với estimated.
- Chỉ bắt ý chính.
- Nghe thông tin cần cho nhiệm vụ.
- Mở transcript để kiểm, rồi shadow một câu.
Chỉ mở transcript sau ít nhất hai lượt nghe
A fictional school team wants to reduce avoidable electricity use in one practice room. Before proposing new equipment, the teacher has the students record a five-day baseline. Two students note the timer setting at eight in the morning and four in the afternoon. The coordinator gets another pair to check whether the room is occupied during each period. On day three, one reading jumps unexpectedly. Instead of deleting it, the team has the meter checked by an authorised technician role in the simulation. The meter is working, but the afternoon reading was copied into the wrong row. After correction, the baseline shows that cooling continued for ninety minutes after the final activity on four days. The team then gets the timer adjusted for a two-day trial. It compares the same room, schedule and temperature setting. Electricity use is lower during the trial, while reported comfort remains unchanged on six fictional user cards. However, two days are not enough to estimate an annual saving, and six cards cannot represent every user. The students therefore recommend a longer monitored trial, not a new machine. Their memo names who collected the data, who checked the meter, who approved the timer change and when the setting must be reviewed. The audit reduces one avoidable pattern without claiming that all cooling is waste. It also keeps an override route for authorised staff when the room is used outside the normal schedule.
- 1Why is the unusual day-three reading kept at first?
- 2What does the team recommend?
Hội thoại có mục đích
Mục tiêu: Giải thích audit bằng who did–what was done–limit–next check.
Vai: A: người duyệt đề xuất • B: điều phối nhóm
AWho recorded the baseline?
BThe teacher had two students record it at fixed times.
AHow did you check the unusual reading?
BWe had the meter checked and found a copying error.
ADid the trial prove an annual saving?
BNo. We got the timer adjusted for two days, so we recommend a longer trial.
A green claim needs a chain of responsibility
Vẽ chuỗi REQUESTER–DOER–CHECKER–APPROVER–REVIEWER. Gạch measured/estimated và thời lượng của mỗi số liệu.
A green proposal is easier to trust when readers can see both the evidence chain and the responsibility chain. The evidence chain begins with a baseline collected before a change. It should state what was measured, when, under which conditions and by whom. A short trial can then repeat the same measures. If the schedule, room or weather conditions differ, the comparison needs a qualification. The responsibility chain answers a different set of questions. Who requested the action? Who performed it? Who checked safety or measurement quality? Who approved the decision, and when will it be reviewed? Causative structures help describe these roles. A teacher may have students record readings, get a coordinator to repeat a check or have a meter inspected by an authorised person. The passive pattern highlights the completed service, but it must not erase accountability. ‘The timer was changed’ is incomplete when readers need to know who approved the change. Safety also sets a firm boundary. Students can analyse supplied fictional data, observe ordinary settings and interview role cards. They should not open electrical equipment, bypass controls or perform technical checks that require trained adults. Environmental language needs boundaries too. Lower use during a two-day trial does not establish a yearly reduction. Six comfort responses do not represent every future user. A proposal can still be useful if it names those limits and recommends a longer trial. Finally, the target should be specific. Reducing avoidable use is different from treating every use as waste. Some equipment supports safety, accessibility or learning. A responsible memo identifies the unnecessary pattern, preserves an authorised override and sets a review date. This approach may sound less dramatic than an instant ‘green victory’, but it gives another team enough information to reproduce the check and question the decision.
1What is the difference between the evidence and responsibility chains?
2Why is ‘The timer was changed’ sometimes incomplete?
Viết fictional green action memo 180–200 từ.
Viết cho người đọc thật: dựng ý, viết nháp, kiểm nghĩa rồi mới sửa hình thức.
Plan
- Specific target
- Baseline and recorder
- Technical check
- Trial change and approver
- Observed result
- Limit + longer review
Model • 200 words
This audit examines avoidable cooling after the final activity in one practice room. The teacher had two students record the timer at morning and afternoon times for five days. The coordinator got another pair to match each reading with an occupancy card. When one value appeared unusual, the team had the meter checked by an authorised technician role and found a copying error. The corrected baseline showed ninety minutes of cooling after the room was empty on four days. We then had the timer adjusted for a two-day trial, with the same room, schedule and temperature setting. Recorded electricity use was lower, while six fictional user cards reported no change in comfort. The trial does not establish an annual saving, and the small response set cannot represent every user. We recommend a longer monitored trial rather than equipment purchase. The facilities coordinator should approve the setting, keep an override for authorised use and review the data after four comparable weeks. The memo names the students who collected the readings, the role that checked the meter and the person responsible for the decision. Its aim is to reduce one documented, avoidable pattern without describing every necessary use of cooling as waste.
Self-edit
- 180–200 từ
- Có causative active và passive
- Nêu doer–checker–approver
- Không suy năm từ thử nghiệm ngắn
Luyện tập 85%–15%
17 câu bài hiện tại + 3 câu nền đã học. Không có câu dùng kiến thức của bài sau.
Cụm “conduct an energy audit” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “have a meter checked” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “get the team to record data” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “track a baseline” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “reduce avoidable waste” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
Cụm “name the responsible person” có nghĩa phù hợp nhất là gì?
The teacher had the team ___ a baseline.
The coordinator got the team ___ the reading.
We had the meter ___ before the trial.
Which sentence keeps accountability visible?
Which phrase commonly has a light /j/ link?
Which phrase commonly has a light /w/ link?
What is the goal of vowel linking?
Why is the unusual day-three reading kept at first?
What does the team recommend?
What is the difference between the evidence and responsibility chains?
Why is ‘The timer was changed’ sometimes incomplete?
The short trial reduced use, ___ did not prove an annual saving.
The team looked ___ the unusual reading before revising the claim.
The longer the trial becomes, the ___ the estimate may become.
Gợi mở, không nói hộ
Hỏi con ‘ai đo, ai kiểm, ai duyệt, số liệu kéo dài bao lâu?’. Không cho con thao tác thiết bị điện hoặc biến bài tiếng Anh thành thí nghiệm kỹ thuật tại nhà.
Dạy để giao tiếp có căn cứ
Causative phải đi cùng accountability và safety. Chỉ dùng dữ liệu/role-play hư cấu; đánh giá chain of responsibility, phạm vi kết luận và English clarity.
CHƯƠNG 4Culture and green futures